Multicenter cohort study of association of BCG vaccine treatment with death and dementia in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Intravesical BCG vaccine is the recommended treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). This vaccine has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD). A multicenter cohort study of 6467 NMIBC patients found that intravesical BCG vaccine was associated with a reduced risk of ADRD in the presence of death as a competing risk. However, the risk differences varied with time. The authors conclude that the findings of the study suggest that NMIBC treatment with BCG vaccine was associated with decreased mortality and decreased ADRD, independently.