Association of gut microbiota and metabolites with outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are promising agents for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC), but lack effective biomarkers to predict outcomes. The gut microbiome can modulate tumor response to ICIs, but its effect in HCC remains unclear. A prospective study in Taiwan found that among patients receiving ICIs for uHCC, fecal microbiota and bile acids were associated with outcomes.